Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 38

Case Study Example The budget the manager intends to submit for the financial year is $4,900,000 which exceeds the expected expense by $700,000. Submitting a budget higher than the expected cost to be incurred is a misuse of the power and authority vested in the management position. This is taking advantage of the position to mismanage public funds which is not ethical at all. Public officers are expected to conduct themselves in an ethical manner encouraging transparency in carrying out their duties. Submitting of a budget higher than the expected costs equals betrayal of the public trust in the role of the management in the city’s waste management. Furthermore, submitting a higher budget will strain the city’s finances especially with the reduction in tax collections. As a result, the city may not have enough funds to process waste in the near future. Inadequate fund in the future will mean that not all the waste is processed thus causing pollution to the environment. Therefore, submitting a higher budget will seem good in the short run to manage the department but with long term effects that may paralyze the operations of the department. Though the manager expects a cut on the budget by 10%, this does not justify the increase in the budget from $4,200,000 to $4,900,000. That is an increase of $700,000 which is way above the expected increase. Given that the total cost of the department will amount to $4200000, reducing it by 10% will amount to reduction of: The manager does not justify for the excess amount of $280,000 after the expected reduction of 10% by the city controller. Lack of accountability for this amount creates loopholes for corruption. By having submitted a higher budget, the department will rarely take back any excess amount since the manager does not want to disclose their actions. This results in misuse of public funds. Moreover, the expectation of increased cost of labor and the amount of waste is not enough reason also for the inflation of the budget

Examining Different Arguments Related to the Choice of a Career Essay Example for Free

Examining Different Arguments Related to the Choice of a Career Essay Assessment Part A: Critically Evaluating an Argument   Arts and Sciences (Advantage): Lots of flexibility in career choices: Logically Sound Arts and Sciences (Disadvantage): Leads to a career in food service Do you want fries with that? : Irrational Appeal Education (Advantage): The best way to make a difference in the world: Logically Sound Education (Disadvantage): Guaranteed low paying job: Shifting the Burden of Proof Nursing (Advantage): People always will need nurses: Logically Sound Nursing (Disadvantage): Too much schooling (according to Theo, the Law student): Shifting the Burden of Proof Information Systems and Technology (Advantage): No other degree concentration is as innovative (according to Grace): Shifting the Burden of Proof Information Systems and Technology (Disadvantage): Too limited in scope for much advancement in business situation (according to Ritesh): Logically Sound Business (Advantage): Infinite career options (according to Ritesh): Logically Sound Busi ness (Disadvantage): Boring work, stuck behind a desk all day: Shifting the Burden of Proof Health and Human Services (Advantage): All the benefits of Arts and Sciences, but vastly more focused and relevant: Oversimplifying Health and Human Services (Disadvantage): Job options are all in very un-creative fields. : Double Standard Assessment Part B: Articulating the Steps Involved in Evaluating an Argument Write out the two most compelling arguments you heard that affected your decision. Next, list one that you heard that had a big logical error in it, but which you still thought was important. In the IT field, thre is not only a lot of opportunities there, from web design, to business systems and technology. There is also a huge demand in that field. The pay range also starts off at a pretty good level. One ofthe arguments I heard is that since I would start at an entry level position, there is a good possibility that I would not get the hours that I am looking for. Were there any errors in truth with that argument? Describe what those errors were, and what made them errors. There were some errors in that truth. There might not be such a high demand in my area that I live in. If I were to live in a very desolate area with little businesses, there might not be as much opportunity as others may have. What about errors of validity? Remember, these are errors in reasoning – and theyre a little harder to understand! Tell me if there are any errors of validity in this argument. I didnt think that there were really any errors in the validity of the argument, however, there are some things that might not be considered valid by some. For instance, this field might not be for everyone. Some people might find some enjoyment in it, while others might not like it at all. Revise the argument so that it removes all errors. Restate it in a way that is logically sound. The field can be very promising, allowing you to have the opportunity to make good money. Also, most of the time, there are a high demand for employment, but it also depends on where you are looking for work. Take a look at all of what the job entails, because it might be for you, even though I enjoy it. Take a little more time on this one. What it was that led you to choose this degree concentration. Describe both about how you evaluated the arguments and also about what you valued most. I think that the most important point made in these arguments is which field I would enjoy the most. If I have a passion for technological services, then this is probably a good field for me. Also, if the pay scale is accurate, that is a great start at entry level.

Ghost Story of Haunted Row House: Philadelphia Essay -- Ghost Stories

Haunted Row House: Philadelphia The particular story I collected takes place in Philadelphia, where ghost stories are plentiful. Philadelphia is an old city with a rich cultural heritage, and our founding fathers made history in the place that was once our nation’s capital (Eidmann). Many believe that their spirits and spirits of those from colonial times still lurk around. It is easy to feel like spirits are around when in a place where many people have lived and died before, and in a place that is filled with old buildings and landmarks. All of these factors make this city a perfect place for a ghost story. This story was told to me by a close friend, in my dorm room on a cold rainy day in April. My friend is a female of Columbian descent, 20 years old, who lives off campus in Silver Spring, Maryland. She is a sophomore and is currently studying journalism at Maryland. She heard this story about a year ago while she was with her mom, and it was told to them by a co-worker of her mother’s at a national magazine. This story was collected by tape recorder, which was held by the teller. So this past year I heard a ghost story from my mom’s coworker and friend. Her daughter recently purchased an old row house in Philadelphia. She lives there with her husband and they have a daughter, who was about two years old. They started to notice REALLY [eyes get large] weird things happening around the house, it was really eerie and started to make them nervous. Their daughter has a playroom in the attic, and she used to say, actually, she still says that there is somebody up there. She describes him as an African American male--well she says it’s a â€Å"Black man†--and she says he sits there and watches her play. When she told her parents... ...just another person who wants to be friends and not think the ghost will hurt them or that there is anything scary about it. The tale capitalizes on the fact that an adult would be uneasy thinking that a child can play with a ghost without thinking twice, and even more uneasy that a child can see what they cannot, since adults are supposed to be wiser and more able to explain things. The imagination of a child, which can create some astonishing things, is a scary entity. Works Cited Bouldin, Paula. â€Å"An Investigation of the Fantasy Predisposition and Fantasy Style of Children With Imaginary Companions†. Journal of Genetic Psychology. 2006. 167(1): 17-29. Eidmann, Frank. â€Å"Philadelphia: The Capital City† National Park Services. 7 Apr. 2006. http://www.nps.gov/inde/phila.html. Juliano, David. â€Å"The Shadowlands† 7 Apr. 2006. http://www.theshadowlands.net/.

Death of Salesman by Arthur Miller Essay -- Death Salesman Arthur Mill

Death of Salesman by Arthur Miller The Requiem seems to simply conclude the play at the funeral and let us see the other character's view of events with some retrospect. However, with closer scrutiny, we see that old issues and resentments are still very prevalent. The Requiem can be split into two halves. The first half sees Charley, Biff, Linda and Happy over Willy's grave. Each character is unique in their perspective at this point, reflecting Willy's own change of perspective towards the end of play and reminding us of several themes in the text. Happy still clings to the memory of Willy Loman as the successful salesman and general good man. Indeed, he holds this view with some ferocity. He tries to stop Biff being negative about his father (the stage directions include 'almost ready to fight Biff infuriated') and his last words are ones of defiance: 'I'm gonna show you and everybody else that Willy Loman did not die in vein this is where I'm gonna win it for him' This seems rather absurd to the reader as it is clear now that the American Dream for the Loman family is just that- a dream. The spectacular failure of his father and the collapse of the family show that the dogmatic pursuit of success is fruitless and even dangerous. 'Happy' is a very apt name for the son who tries to be happy and show a brave face even when things have collapsed around him. Other examples of this include Happy rallying Biff both when they talk about setting up business together and when Happy tries to make Biff attract women at the restaurant in Scene 2. Happy also represents the side of Willy that he was most used to (Happy, unlike Biff, lived with Willy day to day and so was more indoctrinated to the lies and... ...wife. Instead of seeing the inevitable, as Charley does, or being somehow released like Biff, she can only see things in terms of money and time, like Willy used to obsess over- 'He even finished with the dentist'. The second half of the Requiem is dedicated to Linda. It is quite hard to understand. She says that she 'can't cry' but then seconds later she is 'sobbing more fully'. Why is this? Maybe telling her true feelings to Willy instead of suppressing them like when he was alive releases her, but she keeps repeating 'we're free'. As she whispers this she seems to be on a higher plane and connecting with Willy. This, however, is open to interpretation and all we can safely say is that the Requiem releases the pressure that was mounting in the Loman household in possibly the only way it could; with the realisation of the failure of the American Dream.

Relationship Between Satisfaction with Life To Social Network Size Essay

Abstract     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The dilemma in society are how to pursue pleasure or a source of happiness. The effect that society has on a individual leaves them oblivious to the source of gratitude. Simple acts of kindness are akin to the source of what people find most important.   The data that was used to answers the personal questions that were designed to determine the statistical source of the personality type.   The attributes of a personality type that contribute to the situation are statistically proven. The personality types that become involved with others individuals find themselves in a similar situation.   The relevance of the importance topic pertains to the effect on the individuals and those that they involve.   The information will help develop the future behavior that is attributed to kindness. Research that could have an effect on the ability to continue with the conscious habits of appreciation.   The natural tendencies of people as they seek satisfaction in life should always be aware of how their surroundings affect their neighbors. Statement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The personality types that are inclined to be involved in efforts that are for the greater good.   The studies that have tract the ability of a mind and its efforts to involve the humanitarian efforts through conscious efforts or non- conscious habits.   The ideology that is strived for as the various mindsets that are guided in the practicality of gratitude, in every facet of existence.   There are different mindset that are attributed to their expected outcome of a situation.   It has been studied that there are few rational that can explain the motivations of an individual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Every individual can be categorized as their physical descriptions eliminate the possibilities.   The methods that are used to determine the psychological profile of the individual also is categorically determined.   The determination of the personality types is commonly referred to as the Big Five.   This offer the determination of the extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism.   These characteristics that are used to determine the tendencies of an individual are often seen in their persona or attitude.   Every individual was aware of their participation and the data that was to be collected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research that has been accumulated has a further understanding of the motivation that allows others to be assisted   by their physical determinations. The further science can be explained as to the reasons of or what creates gratitude, the quicker a mind can be assisted in realizing another perspective.   At the conclusion of a study the   participants were realizing that their behaviors were measured only for data; however, the conscious decision to include this new behavior in their own life is a personal choice. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The objectives that have been stated throughout the research was to determine the reasons for gratitude and the motivation that leads one to involve it in their lifestyle.   A publication by Health Psychology was used to determine the scale of dispositional optimism. The efforts that are needed in society can be developed by having the conscious mindset that is conducive to the philanthropic contribution.   Those that seek the emotional effect that it has on their life is directly linked to the gratitude that they exhort in common situations. The recent efforts to examine the problems that are linked to the lack of social awareness or concerns that are a direct correlation to the efforts of any individual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The triangulation of the tendencies that are to be a desired behavior in society and its resulting actions.   The surveys that was conducted in 1985, pertained to life’s orientation of how it was used to determine the optimism and expectancy.(SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985) Questionnaire was regularly   handed out in efforts to ascertain the need of self consciousness.   The health concerns that related to the survey were between the related theories and the orientation of the scale. The different tests have been previously designed by other psychologists.   The most important test was the designed by Saucer.   It is used to determine the psychological scale known as the Big 5. It categorizes the personality types such as extrovert or introverts and their interactions.   This enabled the team of Belk and Richin to use their materialism tests to determine the scale.   The Belk version is used to measure the pro-sociality and the levels of gratitude.  Ã‚   It assists in determining the life satisfaction, envy, perspective- taking, and spiritual transcendence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Similar in design; however, the Richin material test is used calculate the success and happiness.   McCollogh published an article in 2001 that proposed several directions for future research on gratitude that included psychometrics.   The effect of gratitude has motivated the returning of the act.   It presented several issues that had to be answered.   Others that contributed to the research were P.C. Ellsworht and C.A. Smith.   The article- Shades of Joy: Patterns of Appraisal- differentiate pleasant emotions shared in their research that the adjective of loving, grateful, friendly, and admirer had a structure that was a trifold cluster of the satisfaction of the senses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The remaining data that had to be contributed was primarily used to support the research that already been completed.   Butler’s research, 3 studies in 4 years, were all pertaining to the structural equation stated that the one factor solution for the six retaining items were assessed.   It was used to determine the statistics of processing that information in a standardized square. Increasing the likelihood of finding the adequate parameters.   Those various tests were designed to determine the accurate measurement.   The variable tests that are used to compile the data. Thus the information that has been processed through those test is accurate enough to determine the weaknesses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The concerning that are the three psychological domains are : 1) emotional as the primary concern is the well being   2)social interaction  Ã‚   3)spirituality and religion , all of these have a direct influence into the development of gratitude.   (McCullough et al., 4)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Those that involve themselves have a mentality more empathetic, forgiving, helpful, and supportive.   All those characteristics are trademarks of a productive individual or a conducive environment.   The emotions that one feels is often due to the requirement of those that the individual surrounds themselves.   The people that are noticed by their gaps in their emotional well being are those that need to be aware of their social and spiritual priorities.   According Emmons and Tsung, the trait that are classified by the Big Five (John, Donahue, & Kentle, 1991) can be categorized as an individual that is grateful as more extraverted, more agreeable, and less neurotic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The gratefulness as the generic term is applied to many aspects of the mind.   Emotions, disposition, and attributes of an individual all contribute to the person’s willingness or non-conscious efforts in what is considered volunteer work.   The compassion that is conducive to many of the situations that are needed for others to appreciate what is accomplished.   The premise or higher ideology is considered spiritual. Methods   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Those that were involved in developing the study were following the guidelines that are designed to keep the data resources non bias. The participants were 91 students, 23 male (25.3%), 68 female (74.7%) enrolled in Research Method in Psychology class at the California State University, Fullerton. The demographics were reflective of the populous and the involvement was voluntary. These participants range from 19 years old to 46 years old. The demographics are categorized in the Table 1.   The second study involved 1228 adult volunteers. The majority were women and almost 90% were Caucasian. All of these participants were involved with spirituality and health.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To conduct this research participants were ask to complete a questionnaire, which was used to determine demographics and how it affected the tests, PANAS (Watson, Clark, Tellegen), Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky, Lepper), Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, Griffin), Gratitude questionnaire (McCullough, Emmons), Tendency to Forgive Scale (Brown), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg), Life Orientation Test (Scheier), Lubben Social Network Scale (Lubben) and Big Five Inventory Scale (John, Donahue, Kentle). Each participant received a questionnaire that had a description of the study and instructions. The participants were asked to provide some cursory information indicating their gender, age, level of education, and language preference. The PANAS was designed so that the individuals words would describe their different feelings and emotions. The participants were asked to indicate to what extent they have felt each feeling or emotion listed in the past two weeks at the time of the survey. A scale of 1-5 (very slightly or not at all, a little, moderately, quite a bit, extremely) was used to record their answers. The Subjective Happiness   and Satisfaction Life Scale consists of questions to rate how happy the participants perceive themselves to be on a sliding scale.  Ã‚   The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is a measure of life’s satisfactions and how they developed by Ed Diener and colleagues (Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin, 1985). Life satisfaction is one factor that is more of a general construct than a subject that pertains to well being. Theory and research from fields outside of rehabilitation have suggested that subjective well being has at least three components, positive affective appraisal, negative affective appraisal, and life satisfaction. Life satisfaction is distinguished from affective appraisal in that it is more cognitively than emotionally driven. Life satisfaction can be assessed specific to a particular domain of life or globally. The SWLS is a global measure of life satisfaction (Corrigan, 2000). The Life Orientation Test rates how optimistic or pessimistic the participants are in the Lubben social networking which consists of similarly designed questions that involved all aspects of the individuals life. The importance of social ties in the lives of older people has becoming increasingly recognized as strong associations have been consistently found between social support networks for physical and mental health. The Big Five inventory consists of a number of characteristics that may or may not apply to participants. (McCullough et al, 5) The participants were asked to rate the applicability of each characteristic to themselves in a scale of 1-5.   The factors are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (OCEAN) or from the Five Factor Model (FFM). This consists of the following 5 factors: urgency, agreeableness, dependability, emotional stability, and culture. Each factor consists of a number of more specific traits. For example, extraversion includes such related qualities as sociability, excitement seeking, and positive emotions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Questionnaires were handed out to all participants in the classroom of research method in psychology at the California State University, Fullerton. Participants were given instructions as a group and were told that participation in this study would be anonymous. It was also stated that they may choose to participate and could withdraw at anytime. The whole session took about 15-30 minutes. Participants were provided informed consent and debriefing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This effort was similar to previous efforts to compile a thorough report that supported the thesis of generosity and the appreciative nature.   The information compiled and addressed several important fundamental aspects of life.         The three studies showed that all indications of a grateful disposition is social desirable.   The data that was used contained self reports examined and how it ranked.   Next, the disposition was calculated from life’s satisfaction of vitality, happiness, hope, and optimism.    The response were then empirically calculated.   Third step was determining the lower order traits that contained the emotions pertaining to well being, willingness, and spirituality aspects that pertain to life and the coping mechanisms that can disable the ability to consciously be thankful and helpful.   The last steps involved bringing the personality traits that are determined by the Big Five and the common association that are in sync or are agreeable. Results   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The results of previous efforts and the most recent data provided support the thesis. The measures of affectivity and life satisfaction in all areas that were tested are conducted to determine the next course of action for testing and retesting as for accuracy.   The information that is issued and used to understand the importance of life satisfactions, vitality, subjective happiness, optimism, and hope. It is to understand these simple concepts that the affectivity and life satisfaction was determined with positive and negative affects that would influence the psychological symptoms.   This includes the variable that resulted in understanding prosociality.   The disposition with empathy and social desirability were used to validate the believe that the spirituality and religiousness would have supported any concept of what and why people are appreciative.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The results of the first study that involved the information gathered from the Big Five assessment and variable ranking scale of a certain â€Å"idea† or ideal. The analysis that was used to calculate the self report and the measure of affectivity and life situation with the greatest weight.   This was closely supported by the remaining questions and their assessment as it was placed through the structural equation model.   The statistical equation determined the validity of each section as it is compared. A t-test was conducted to determine whether or not there are social sizes difference in satification with life for people with optimism, and conscientiousness. The results those showed that smaller social network size (mean=4.10) were significantly less satisfied compared to those with life larger social network size (mean=5.05; t(89)= -3.79, p.001). The result showed that there was a strong positive correlation between the Satisfaction with life and the Optimism (r=.54, p.001), there was a strong positive correlation between conscientiousness and satification with life (r=.22, p.04).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The effect on an individual’s answer is the influenced by their interaction in certain situations.   The factor that are used to determine the type of person that is in a situation that are agreeable, conscientious, extraversion, neuroticism, and openness.   The types of individuals that one associates with fall into four categories – friend, relative, romantic partners, and coworker.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The results of a variable of 39 questions statistically check and recheck so that the validity would be accurate.   When determining the optimism of how the â€Å"Big Five† personality effectors are involved.   It was used to the one factor system of gratitude and vitality. Using the two factor solution fit better as the correlation factors were at r=.46, p

french revolution1 essays

french revolution1 essays The French Revolution last from 1789 to 1799. This war had many causes that began the revolution. Its causes ranged from the American Revolution, the economic crisis in France, social injustices to the immediate causes like the fall of Bastille, the Convening of he Estate-General, and the Great Fear. As a result of this revolution there many effects , immediate and long term. The immediate effects were the declaration of rights of man, abolishing of olds reign, execution of king and queen, the reign of terror, and war and forming of the citizen-army. The long term effects were the rise of Napoleon, spread of revolutionary ideas, growth of nationalism, and the conservative reaction. The contributing factors to the French Revolution was the economic crisis in France. The French government had undergone economic crises, resulting from the long wars waged during the reign of Louis XIV, the losses incurred in the French and Indian War, and increased indebtedness arising from loans to the American colonies during the American Revolution. The American Revolution showed that they got economical and political freedom from Britain. This liberalism sparked many revolutions in Europe ,but in France the ideas of the Enlightenment and liberalism were put to their fullest test. The French people wanted rights and would later get these. Another reason was that the old regime was ineffective and it abused its power. The immediate causes of the French Revolution were that the Estate-General had to convene. Increasing political pressure and being faced with the total collapse of its finances, the Old Regime began to unravel. Almost immediately tempers arose regarding voting procedures in the upcoming Estates-General. In its last meeting, voting had been organized by estate, with each of the three estates meeting separately and each having one vote. In this way the privileged classes had combined to outvote the third estate, which included more than...

List of Elements in the Transition Metal Group

List of Elements in the Transition Metal Group The largest group of elements on the periodic table is that of the transition metals, which is found in the middle of the table. Also, the two rows of elements below the main body of the periodic table (the lanthanides and actinides) are special subsets of these metals. These elements are called transition metals because the electrons of their atoms make the transition to filling the d subshell or d sublevel orbital. Thus, the transition metals are also known as the d-block elements.   Here is a list of elements that are considered to be transition metals or transition elements. This list does not include the lanthanides or actinides, just the elements in the main part of the table. List of Elements That Are Transition Metals ScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdenumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumLanthanum, sometimes (often considered a rare earth, lanthanide)HafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryActinium, sometimes (often considered a rare earth, actinide)RutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitneriumDarmstadtiumRoentgeniumCopernicium  presumably is  a transition metal. Transition Metal Properties The transition metals are the elements you normally think of when you imagine a metal. These elements share properties in common with each other: They are excellent conductors of heat and electricity.The transition metals are malleable (easily hammered into shape or bent).These metals tend to be very hard.Transition metals look shiny and metallic. Most transition metals are grayish or white (like iron or silver), but gold and copper have colors not seen in any other elements on the periodic table.The transition metals, as a group, have high melting points. The exception is mercury, which is a liquid at room temperature. By extension, these elements also have high boiling points.Their d orbitals become progressively filled as you move from left to right across the periodic table. Because the subshell is not filled, atoms of the transition metals have positive oxidation states and also display more than one oxidation state. For example, iron commonly carries a 3 or 2 oxidation state. Copper may have a 1 or 2 oxidation state. The positive oxidation state means the transition metals typically form ionic or partially ionic compound s. Atoms of these elements have low ionization energies.Transition metals form colored complexes, so their compounds and solutions may be colorful. The complexes split the d orbital into two energy sublevels  so they absorb specific wavelengths of light. Because of the different oxidation states, its possible for one element to produce complexes and solutions in a wide range of colors.Although the transition metals are reactive, they are not as reactive as elements belonging to the alkali metals group.Many transition metals form paramagnetic compounds.

How to Separate Salt and Water

How to Separate Salt and Water Have you ever wondered how you could purify seawater to drink it or how you could separate salt from water in saltwater? Its really very simple. The two most common methods are distillation and evaporation, but there are other ways to separate the two compounds. Separate Salt and Water Using Distillation You can boil or evaporate the water and the salt will be left behind as a solid. If you want to collect the water, you can use distillation. This works because salt has a much higher boiling point than water. One way to separate salt and water at home is to boil the salt water in a pot with a lid. Offset the lid slightly so that the water that condenses on the inside of the lid will run down the side to be collected in a separate container. Congratulations! Youve just made distilled water. When all of the water has boiled off, the salt will remain in the pot. Separate Salt and Water Using Evaporation Evaporation works the same way as distillation, just at a slower rate. Pour the salt water into a shallow pan. As the water evaporates, the salt will remain behind. You can speed up the process by raising the temperature or by blowing dry air over the surface of the liquid. A variation of this method is to pour the salt water onto a piece of dark construction paper or a coffee filter. This makes recovering the salt crystals easier than scraping them out of the pan. Other Methods To Separate Salt and Water Another way to separate salt from water is to use reverse osmosis. In this process, water is forced through a permeable filter, causing the concentration of salt to increase as the water is pushed out. While this method is effective, reverse osmosis pumps are relatively expensive. However, they can be used to purify water at home or when camping. Electrodialysis can be used to purify water. Here, a negatively-charged anode and a positively-charged cathode are placed in water and separated by a porous membrane. When an electric current is applied, the anode and cathode attract the positive sodium ions and negative chlorine ions, leaving behind the purified water. Note: this process does not necessarily make the water safe to drink, since uncharged contaminants may remain. A chemical method of separating salt and water involves adding decanoic acid to salt water. The solution is heated. Upon cooling, salt precipitates out of the solution, falling to the bottom of the container. The water and decanoic acid settle into separate layers, so the water can be removed.

Customer Knowledge Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Customer Knowledge Management - Essay Example Customer knowledge gained from firsthand customer contact is very persuasive. Smart CEOs at firms like IBM, Cisco, and EMC intuitively realize this, and their senior managers contact their major customers on a regular basis. These firms also act on that information to improve relationships with those important customers. The benefits of customer knowledge management have concentrated at the individual level. For example, Dreyfus, like other mutual fund firms, keeps track of client activity, claiming that they can predict when a client is going to shift money out of their mutual funds. Clients receive a call from a Dreyfus representative, who wants to know how the client feels about the investment and if his or her goals are being met. If Dreyfus is able to track clients at all stages of the consumption process, then the firm has a better chance of retaining the customer. A number of CRM - and ERP-type software programs allow companies to track processes in the life of a specific sale s order from order entry all the way to delivery to customer. Of course, FedEx introducing package tracking is a well-known example from years ago. There are a number of benefits of information technology for firms of any size. The marketing research practice has undergone a major transformation in recent years. A primary function of marketing research activities is to collect and analyze customer information. Technology has enabled all phases of the marketing research process ranging from sampling and data collection to analysis and reporting. With newer technologies and faster cycle times, firms conduct research at all stages of the product lifecycle and not just at the product development stage or the test marketing stage.  

How the economy works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How the economy works - Essay Example s to be made very carefully and after a lot of thought as it is important to understand that every choice made will also mean forfeiting another choice. This question can be answered only after proper analysis of the resources that are available in an economy. The one thing that is also kept in mind is the true cost. This is one aspect of the choice that economist are interested in. as mentioned earlier while making a choice the chances of forfeiting another choice are always possible. Hence economists generally use the concept of opportunity cost which allows them to analyze the value that must be sacrificed or given up (Stonebraker, 2008). This question deals with the determining how to use the factors of production to produce the product. In countries that are highly industrialized use of capital goods like computers, machinery etc. In countries which are lesser developed the production is normally got through physical labor. This question mainly deals with from whom the goods are being produced. This is mainly who will receive the produced products. In a country as developed as the United States, it depends a lot on the income of the people and the prices of goods and services. While talking of economic stability the one variable which always catches attention is Unemployment. After which the prices levels is the next topic of interest. The levels of unemployment and the economic stability of a country are directly related. With the decreasing levels of employment the levels the economy of the country will also be affected. Hence to maintain the economic stability of a country it is essential to keep the levels of employment stable, or increasing however no reduction should be permitted. Also the price levels for goods and services directly affect the countries economy and thus need to be kept at constant levels. Countries which have prices of goods increasing drastically signify inflation within the country (Brozen, 1958). Thus to maintain the economic

Single-sex schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Single-sex schools - Essay Example A generation of coed schools and dorms and workplaces has produced more equality between men and women, not less. We are less likely to see each other as "other," less likely to separate our work and personal lives†¦to rewire the small society called school. This school world is, after all, a mirror image of the larger world. (Goodman) Single sex schools do have educational benefits. Without the constant distraction of the opposite sex, tests scores do improve (Cooper). Single sex schools have the advantage of teaching to a gender’s strengths. Boys and girls do learn differently. Some scholars suggest that higher test scores are the result, but others refute these findings (Goodman). The education benefits still do not address the social issues. Single sex schools can lead to gender and sexual confusion. Gender confusion can be caused by males and females having to pick up roles reserved for the opposite sex, like a boy having to sweep the floor or a girl having to move a heavy object in the class. Sexual confusion would occur in puberty. Teenagers become very sexual at that age. Without the opposite sex to experiment with, many teens will experiment with the same sex. Then the confusion of being hetro, homo, or bi- sexual becomes a problem. Gender and sexual confusion can happen in a coed school, but are more likely in a single sex school. The final social reason that single sex schools could be harmful is segregation usually means unequal. The Civil Rights Era proved the segregation is never equal. As a result, schools not only integrated different races, but the genders as well. One article explains â€Å"Fearing that separate meant unequal, and seeking to break down sexual stereotypes, they decided to mix the sexes together at the earliest possible age† (Gilbert). This is a norm in American society. Segregation is wrong, no matter if for race or gender. Single sex schools are not a beneficial alternative

Small business use of electronic commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Small business use of electronic commerce - Essay Example In an environment in which time is precious the advantage to the consumer is undeniable. Not only that, but the concept can reduce costs too. For instance, Pea Pod that stores the goods which a customer wants can sort and pack these goods considerably more efficiently than the store and can be located out of town in an industrial park or other area where cheap rents are available. Moreover, staffing requirements are lower, the incidence of in-store theft is reduced, and the hours of operation can be extended. For small business companies like KOA MART, the opportunities of Internet-based commerce seem considerable, but few companies have yet succeeded in exploiting them profitably. Such success is dependent on acquiring an in-depth understanding of the characteristics of the Internet and matching these with the characteristics of existing products or services. In contrast to Pea Pod, KOA MART proposes better catalogues and more vivid visual representation of its products. It is easy to find a product and its price. Pea Pod has poor design and simpler structure; it is difficult to navigate and use this site. The majority of sites linked to "small business +electronic commerce" are devoted to potential online resources and analysis of the market opportunities. Some of the sites propose technical assistance for small business while others highlight the main trends and e-news about developments within the industry. This information can also be used by small business organizations that want to sell as well as buy (Demery, 2007). Small business companies may see that competitor's price reduction appeals only to a certain type of customer (those, for example, who have easy access to the competitor's products; in other words, the discount is not sufficient to attract customers who do not have this access). In this case, proposal would be to restrict their own price reduction so that it applies only to those customers who have easy access to the competitor products. By doing this, they can minimize the impact of competitor's actions on overall margins (Demery, 2007). Thus companies may identify that if one of competitors reduces the price of a product, volume of sales will go down; if companies reduce price at the same time, volume of sales will remain static (assuming that companies also match competitor's price promotion or other marketing tactics). One of the key characteristics of the goods and services that are capable of being traded successfully on the Internet, therefore, is that they are recognized and understood by the consumer (Howlett, 2007). This means either that they must have a strong brand (so that the consumer knows what to expect) or that the goods must be of such a nature that the consumer knows what they will receive. There are many thousands of sites on the Internet, which makes it considerably more competitive than local shopping mall or high street. Getting people to enter a site is as difficult as, if not more difficult than, getting people to purchase goods from a retailer (Howlett, 2007). The Internet did not level the playing field between large and small businesses because large companies receive great opportunities to reduce prices and tattract global target audiences. While one of the major advantages offered by the Internet is that - as a manufacturer, for example - a small company no longer has to do battle with retailers and competitors to obtain the

Labour Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Labour Law - Essay Example This paves the way against further abuse by employers who wish to minimize the number of employees employed by demanding rendition of work beyond what a human being may ordinarily give. Three, it also provides no less than twenty-eight (28) paid holidays which gives an opportunity to implement work-life balance. The latter is the strategy recently being propagated in the international community that allows every employee or worker to perform his responsibilities as a family man and as a social person without sacrificing his work. Since work-life balance theory was only introduced and implemented lately, it can be considered that British Labour Law appropriately and timely provided for this right or opportunity to all workers under its jurisdiction. Four, the right to flexible working patterns provided under the Employment Rights Act of 1996, the Maternity and Parental Leave Regulations of 1999, and the Additional Paternity Leave Regulations of 2010 provide for more broader opportunit ies for both men and women to perform their tasks as parents. The laws also recognize the need of the parents to take leaves from work in order to care for their children without fear of affecting their career advancement. These laws, obviously give equal rights for both mothers and fathers, unlike in other countries and/or in previous laws wherein only the rights of the mother is recognized due to physical giving of birth. Now, British Labour Laws recognize the fact that even the father of a child needs to be with his child, and has the obligation or responsibility to care for the child in lieu of or together with the mother. The Pensions Act of 2008 which requires the employers to automatically enroll every jobholder or worker in an occupational pension scheme, unless the latter refuse later on, is also commendable, considering that with the recent trend amongst young professionals, the biggest tendency is for them to spend their hard-earned monies to travels and buying unnecessar y gadgets, leaving nothing for the future. This law adequately addresses the long-term problem that might be encountered by the workers by mandating the periodic contribution to a pension plan that will ultimately benefit the workers themselves. Also, the Equality Act of 2010 which provides for a detailed process of investigation of discrimination and/or harassment cases, is considered adequate to address contemporary manner of abuses in the workplace. Unlike before wherein the prosecution and investigation of abuses are left with the individual concerned, now, the employer has the obligation to undertake its own investigation of any possible act of discrimination or harassment. Thus, the employers are now more involved in the protection of its employees against abuses, not only against the employers themselves but also against fellow employees. On the other hand, while the Employment Rights Act of 1996 provides for a consolidated set of rights for working persons, still, British La bour Laws fail to give an exact or concrete definition of an employee for purposes of determining who are the real beneficiaries of these rights. Some parts of the law mention of worker, other parts mention of employee, while others refer to job contractor, and others. It would have been better if this can be addressed to as soon as possible so that the persons to whom these

Small business use of electronic commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Small business use of electronic commerce - Essay Example In an environment in which time is precious the advantage to the consumer is undeniable. Not only that, but the concept can reduce costs too. For instance, Pea Pod that stores the goods which a customer wants can sort and pack these goods considerably more efficiently than the store and can be located out of town in an industrial park or other area where cheap rents are available. Moreover, staffing requirements are lower, the incidence of in-store theft is reduced, and the hours of operation can be extended. For small business companies like KOA MART, the opportunities of Internet-based commerce seem considerable, but few companies have yet succeeded in exploiting them profitably. Such success is dependent on acquiring an in-depth understanding of the characteristics of the Internet and matching these with the characteristics of existing products or services. In contrast to Pea Pod, KOA MART proposes better catalogues and more vivid visual representation of its products. It is easy to find a product and its price. Pea Pod has poor design and simpler structure; it is difficult to navigate and use this site. The majority of sites linked to "small business +electronic commerce" are devoted to potential online resources and analysis of the market opportunities. Some of the sites propose technical assistance for small business while others highlight the main trends and e-news about developments within the industry. This information can also be used by small business organizations that want to sell as well as buy (Demery, 2007). Small business companies may see that competitor's price reduction appeals only to a certain type of customer (those, for example, who have easy access to the competitor's products; in other words, the discount is not sufficient to attract customers who do not have this access). In this case, proposal would be to restrict their own price reduction so that it applies only to those customers who have easy access to the competitor products. By doing this, they can minimize the impact of competitor's actions on overall margins (Demery, 2007). Thus companies may identify that if one of competitors reduces the price of a product, volume of sales will go down; if companies reduce price at the same time, volume of sales will remain static (assuming that companies also match competitor's price promotion or other marketing tactics). One of the key characteristics of the goods and services that are capable of being traded successfully on the Internet, therefore, is that they are recognized and understood by the consumer (Howlett, 2007). This means either that they must have a strong brand (so that the consumer knows what to expect) or that the goods must be of such a nature that the consumer knows what they will receive. There are many thousands of sites on the Internet, which makes it considerably more competitive than local shopping mall or high street. Getting people to enter a site is as difficult as, if not more difficult than, getting people to purchase goods from a retailer (Howlett, 2007). The Internet did not level the playing field between large and small businesses because large companies receive great opportunities to reduce prices and tattract global target audiences. While one of the major advantages offered by the Internet is that - as a manufacturer, for example - a small company no longer has to do battle with retailers and competitors to obtain the

Mobile application Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mobile application - Assignment Example The website will offer the latest technologies and games designed for popular mobile brands like Nokia, Vodafone, Motorolla, etc. A particular amount of money will be charged for these applications from the clients and memberships will also be offered to these people which will allow the users to download as many applications as they like for a particular amount of money. B: I believe this is a big opportunity for me because this business has a lot of scope and much room for progress. Everyone today owns a mobile phone and is interested in installing software that can help people connect easily with the world. Since mobile phones are now a necessity for children and adults, it is also becoming increasingly important for people to make their mobiles as convenient as they can. My website will provide exactly the kind of applications which are needed by these users. Since I am personally interested in Mobile phones and different applications and games, I think I will be able to maintain a good quality of the business and attract more customers. It will also help me learn more about the industry. C: This business is not just an opportunity for me but anyone else because of the nature of business. Online businesses are becoming increasingly popular with 78 per cent of the Americans doing their shopping online (Sterling, 2008). E-Bay, Home Store, and Amazon are some of the most popular businesses online. A full integrated mobile application online service has a lot of potential and can become one of the most popular businesses online. The main target of the business is the youth, which spends most of their time on social networking websites such as Facebook and Myspace. Mobile applications such as, Facebook for Android 1.3 attracts that youth as well as adults. If proper marketing is done and good quality is maintained, I think this business can become very successful in a very short time. D: I believe that the business is financially viable because the

Social Networking Essay Essay Example for Free

Social Networking Essay Essay How has social networking affected people today? Social sites now affect people’s thoughts almost constantly and causes people to think very lowly of themselves. New advances in technology have affected the lives of many in these negative ways. In the article How many facebook friends do you need? by Robin Marantz Henig and words from Samantha Henig there are many examples of these points. Social networking has affected those on these sites minds greatly. These sites such as twitter and facebook have almost taken over many people today’s minds. In the article Samantha Henig states that after she says something funny her mind immediately goes to the idea of tweeting it. Samantha is only one person out of many so captivated by the immediate urge to share thoughts and events with the rest of the world and put it out somewhere where everyone can see. These social sites have created a more abundant want for others to know what is going on in an individual’s life rather than their want for simply enjoying what they have themselves. In addition to these thoughts and need to share events and thoughts constantly social networking also affects people’s minds in that it has people constantly worried about what others are doing. Through these sites participators are able to know what others are doing throughout the day without even directly contacting them. By knowing this information it allows people to compare others lives to theirs without even realizing it, and find themselves checking their phones for these sites more and more often throughout the day. Social networking gives people the fear that they are missing out on something else instead of being happy with what they are doing themselves. This is one issue that social networking and all of its participants has produced. Furthermore this social networking has changed peoples’ views on themselves  in a negative way. These sites have created an image for many individuals that only views them in the most flattering way. This causes others to begin to have the thought that they do not meet the standards of others and constantly fight with themselves with the ideas of their own image. Although these flattering photos of others are usually real they exclude the photos which might not be as flattering cause false information to be believed and not expressing people as they truly are. Besides this physical image there is also the emotional aspect this social networking spreads. These sites spread people’s information on where they are and with who making some feel out of the loop or left out. This causes many to feel not included and increase the worry in their own social status that is already present. In the people who see these posts their minds begin to wonder and try harder to become more popular in their own minds and more importantly others struggling to fight for the most followers, likes or friends. Social sites affect people’s thoughts at almost every second and causes people to negatively change their opinions on themselves. This issue of new social networking affected people in their thoughts and feelings.

Impact of Organised Retail On Unorganised Retail

Impact of Organised Retail On Unorganised Retail Abstract The revolution in Indian retail industry has brought many sweeping changes and also opened door for many Indian as well as foreign players. In Indian scenario there is always a constant clash between challenges and opportunities but chances favors those companies that are trying to establish themselves. As every coin has two faces similarly it also has some pros and cons. In India about 96% of retail markets consist of unorganized retail players such as kirana stores. As a result of favorable demographic conditions such as changing life style of Indian consumers and government policies provide huge opportunities for Indian corporate houses as well as foreign players. If we compare today’s scenario with earlier we found that at that time the price and the delivery mode is totally different .at present the markets and their processes are more flexible in all aspects. The new Snow-white market places have started to replace the traditional bazaar – kind of dwarfed tiny corner kirana shop. India has highest shop density in the world. It has more than 1.5crores retail shop thus providing 2nd highest employment after agriculture. It employs 7% of total workforce and contributing more than 10% of India’s GDP.But have we ever thought that what by the entry of big retailers what will be happened to those unorganized retail kirana stores which constitute 96% of it? It may not have an immediate effect but in long run it might affect the small kirana stores and thus many people would loose there job , many families could get affected thus in long run we should not ignore this issue . The main purpose of this report to study the impact of organized retail on the small kirana stores and to find: How kirana stores can sustain themselves in long run? How they will cope in the competition from organized retail players? Are the steps taken by government enough for their safeguards? This paper discusses the various challenges faced by both organized as well as kirana stores in Delhi NCR and how both can sustain in equilibrium without much affecting each others. Introduction Retailing can be defined as the sale of goods or merchandise, from a fixed location such as a department store or kiosk, in small or individual lots for direct consumption by the consumer. Retailing is a well recognized business function which compromises making available desired product in the desired quantity at the desired time. This creates a time, place and form utility for the consumer. The success of retailing is depend up on the efficient supply chain and assortment of merchandise mix. A well-developed supply chain reduces wastages and transaction cost thereby reducing the cost of inventories to be maintained by the producers and the traders. A reduction in the cost of inventory management leads to a reduction in the final price to the consumer. Retailing has been identified as a key source for promotion of textiles, processed foods, agricultural and horticultural products. Recently due to certain demographic and economic changes India retail sector has taken a new breathe. It has created a lot of opportunities for big corporate houses like Tatas , Reliance and Bharti etc as well as for many foreign players. As in present scenario Indian retail is in nascent stage therefore it is not much affecting the small kirana stores but in long run its affect can be ignore. Undoubtedly, revolution in retail is good for Indian consumers as well as government as it will increase the taxes i.e. income for government and consumer will have more choice. Broadly Indian retail sector can be classified into two segments: Unorganized retailing Unorganized retailing is characterized by a distorted real-estate market, poor infrastructure and inefficient upstream processes, lack of modern technology, inadequate funding and absence of skilled manpower. Therefore, there is a need to promote organized retailing. Organized Retailing Organized Retailing can be defined as a form of retailing whereby customers can buy goods in a similar purchase environment across more than one physical location for verticals from food, grocery, apparel, consumer durables, jewellery, footwear, beauty care, home dà ©cor, and books to music. In organized retailing a proper record is maintain by the government and retailers need to pay the tax to the government. What is the threat for local organized stores? India has highly fragmented retail industry. Today’s scenario India, still have of the traditional formats retailing .Today still local kirana shop, pan, bidi shop, hardware Store, weekly hatts,convenience stores bazaars etc.It constitute about 96% of retail market .About 12 million outlets operating in country and only 5% of them being larger than 500 square feet in size. In India it is very important to understand what role it pays in lives of Indian citizens from social as well as economic prospective. Retailing is probably the primary form of Disguised Unemployment In Our Country As we have over crowded agriculture sector and stagnating manufacturing sector and the low wages and hard work in both sectors forced many Indians to jump in service sector. Here due to lack of opportunities it is almost become a natural decision for an individual to set up a small shop or store depending upon his financial condition .Thus retailer is born by circumstance not by choice. Ultimately it provides job of more than 6 crores people where as organized retail provides employment to roughly 7 lakhs peoples. So the policy makes should be careful about these 6 crores peoples, whose livelihood may get in danger in future. Retail Industry Structure Global Scenario Worldwide retail industry is one of the most attracting industry being controlled by a handful of powerful corporations based mainly in the U.S and Europe, namely, Wal-Mart, Tesco, Carrefour and Metro. Beside these their are many others big MNC retailers but they have saturated in their home countries only and are looking for penetrating emerging markets like India, China and Russia. As these players are penetrating in these countries thus providing a world class shopping experience to the consumers. Today consumers become more demanding want world class products as well as not only buying but an experiential shopping. Thus shift in consumer behavior in these emerging markets attracting world biggest players. Also the saturation in US retail market and other existing markets in developed countries forcing them to move in new market like India and china. Retailing in United States Retail Sector is the second largest industry in U.S. both in number of establishments and number of employees. The U. S. retail industry generates $3.8 trillion in retail sales annually ($4.2 trillion if food service sales are included), that is approximately $11,993 per capita. Wal-Mart is the worlds largest retailer and the worlds largest company with more than $312 billion (USD) in sales annually. Wal-Mart employs 1.3 million associates in the United States and more than 400,000 internationally. The second largest retailer in the world is Frances Carrefour. Retail Trends in other Countries China had initially restricted FDI in retailing to only joint ventures at 49 percent foreign holding and only at specified locations subject to a ceiling on the number of stores. Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and Japan have enforced zoning restrictions for mega-retailers. There are minimal capital requirements for foreign retailers in Sri Lanka. The Philippines has imposed â€Å"sourcing† and reciprocity requirements on foreign retailers. In Japan, mega-retailers must seek the views and permission of small local stores before opening a new store. In the US, major cities such as Los Angeles, California, Chicago and New York City have restricted the opening of Wal-Mart stores within city limits. France enacted the Raffairin Act that regulates the growth of hypermarkets larger than 300 square feet. In Thailand, the government has set up an assistance fund for local retailers due to the impact of mega retailers. Share of Retail Market in world economy: Country Total Market ( bn US $) U.S 4030 Taiwan 40 Malaysia 20 Thailand 32 Indonesia 75 China 325 India 360 Indian Retail Scenario History Traditionally Indian Retail can be traced back from Weekly Markets, Melas, Village Fairs in Small towns and villages to Kirana stores, PDS outlets, Khadi Bhandaar, co-operative stores in Urban cities. The wave of retail began with various textile manufactures like Bombay Dyeing, Raymonds, S Kumar’s, and Grasim foraying into selling the product through their outlets and competition among FMCG players driving the forces towards retailing. The evolution of retailing lead to an emergence of various modern formats like Shopping malls, Super-marts, Hyper-marts,Departmental Stores, Apparel Stores, etc. catering to majorly all sectors of society providing the all-important 3Vs – Value, Variety and Volume. Retail Boom In India Indian Retail Sector is at its inflexion point awaiting multifold growth. The Retail Industry’s Size is presently Rs 1, 44,253 crores out of which the organized sector contributes to a mere 4 percent Of the market size, fairly dominated by scattered, unregulated, unorganized players. Retail sector is expected to grow in tandem to the GDP growth-rate. This sector is slated to be the biggest contributor to GDP of around 10 percent and has promisingly generated ~8 percent employment in India, which is moving towards a larger generation of employment opportunities in the times ahead. Future Of Organised Retailing In India Due to the urban-rural divide, organised retail will grow in the metros and large cities, followed by semi-urban and rural areas. Thus India is on the verge of an enormous multi-fold growth of organised retail. In a span of just 5 years, organised retail is expected to expand in urban cities besides making an entry in semi-urban and rural areas. Presently, the organised retail market is 4 percent of the total retail, that is around Rs 67,310 crore and is expected to compound at 27 percent per annum, aggregating to Rs 1,75,103 crore (7.44 percent of the total retail) in 2010-11. The retail industry is assumed to grow at GDP growth rate. The retail revolution signals softening of inflation rate on an yearly basis, due to elimination of intermediaries in retailing and passing on of all the benefits to the consumer. The mantra expediting the retail growth is ‘Consumer is the King’. Penetration of Organized Sector Organized Share of retail sector is expected to increase to 8-9 percent in 2010-11 from 4 percent in 2007. Segmental Growth of Retailing Food and Grocery This is the largest vertical of 74.4 percent of retail size compromising fruits and vegetables, milk and milk products, staples, cereals, grains, pulses, processed food, ready to cook and ready to eat meals, spices and other eatables. This is least penetrated segment across all verticals of around 1.5 percent, being the most untapped pie. According to NSSO 60th round, 54 percent of the rural and 42 percent of urban expenditure was on food. Apparels Clothing and textile is a large organized vertical dominated by textile manufacturers Raymond, Bombay Dyeing, Vimal, and by big retailers like Pantaloon, Pyramyd, Koutons having ~16.4 penetration level. Increasing disposable incomes and change in the lifestyle needs has pushed the segment. Consumer Durables The electronics and consumer durable is the biggest organized segment penetrated to ~20 percent. There lies more unearthed growth in the verticals as the craze for electronic gadgets have been picking up with the advent of nuclear families. Home Dà ©cor and furnishing The demand for furnishing is going to be spearheaded by a huge demand for the real-estate, paving way to tap the unorganized segment. Presently only a few players like Gautier, Godrej, Durian function as organized entities. Jewellery and Watches Titan is the early entrant in the segment followed by MNCs Oyzterbay, Tanishq, Swaroski, Orra, Gitanjali, D’damas driven by demand for fashion accessories, and huge advertising and promotion campaigns. Beauty Care The organised players in Beauty Care are HLL (Lakme Salons), Marico (Kaya), Health and Glow are having a huge growth impetus. Footwear Leaving aside the Apparel, Footwear segment is forming a big pie in the organised retail sector, expected to grow to greater heights with foreign payers like Crocs Inc. Books, Music and gifts In addition to Tier-II and Tier-III cities, the habit of reading books and listening to music is picking up among the Tier-I cities. The stores like Oxford Bookstore etc are experiencing this upswing. Organized Retail Growth in Indian Cities The Retail sector contributes to around 36 percent of GDP in India and is largest employment generator. The sector is dominated by small-scattered unorganised regional players, large players contributing to meager 10 percent of the total pie. Organised retail is at its nascent phase wherein the large organised retail groups are having aggressive expansion plans to penetrate the Metros and Tier I cities and establish themselves amongst rural masses of Tier I and Tier II cities. There lies a challenge for retailers to experiment with new value formats along with developing customer loyalties. Since there will be demographic shift in population growth, urbanization and migration due to transition in urban household growth and income distribution. The total retail market in the top 67 cities in India in 2006 was Rs. 2.55 trillion, which is expected to increase to Rs. 3.91 trillion in 2011. According to CRISIL, around 87 percent of the retail opportunity comes from top 25 cities compromising Metro Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta, Mini Metros Hyderabad, Chennai, Bangalore, Mini Metros Ahmedabad and Pune, Tier I cities of Kanpur , Nagpur, Surat and Ludhiana, Tier II cities Coimbatore, Chandigarh, Lucknow, Kochi, Jaipur and Tier III cities Vadodara, Vizag, Indore, Vijaywada, Thiruvananthpuram, Bhopal, Nashik and Madurai. The levels of penetration in the top 67 cities are expected to leap. Organized retail has been established in Metros and Tier 1 cities, other cities having negligible level of penetration Retail Formats in India: Conventional Formats Kirana These are food and non-food neighborhood counter stores, also called ‘mom and pop stores’ in western countries. These are big chunks forming the segregated and unorganised retail segment. These are family-ownedand- run retail-outlets picking the goods from wholesalers totaling to around 12 million stores across India. Mandis These are the largest chunk of unorganised retail catering to urban and rural masses. Mandis are physically located at different regions to enhance convenient shopping. The sellers bring across various products like eatables,vegetables and fruits, pulses, cereals, spices etc. The most prominent of them are sabzi mandis found in most of the localities across India. Village Haats This form is operating in rural areas where buyers and sellers gather once in a week or month from nearby villages and small towns to cater their livelihood and leisure needs. These haats are a source of entertainment and socialization among rural masses. Push Cart Vendors The are categories of vendors roaming from door to door in various localities selling fruits, vegetables, and other eatables, from which mostly housewives makes purchases that too on credit. Modern organized retail formats: Shopping malls Area -60000-700000 square feet Point of differentiation: Multi format, Multi products, Multi brand caterings, Lifestyle needs. Hyper market Area: 50000 – 100000 square feet Point of differentiation: Multi vertical Super markets Area: 5000-10000 square feet. Point of differentiation: low cost, low margin high volume, self service operations design to serve total need for food, laundry household maintenance products. Departmental stores Area: 20000-30000 square feet. Point of differentiation: single vertical , several product lines Apparels store Area: 20000-25000 square feet Point of differentiation: Multi branded, Single vertical, focusing on high consumers Specialty stores Area:-2000-5000 square feet Point of differentiation: Narrow product line with deep assortment ,multi branded, Single vertical on specific needs of the customers. Exclusive formats Area: 500-5000 square feet Point of differentiation: Owned/Franchised, Single products 8. Convenience stores Area: 200-500 square feet Point of differentiation: Located near residential area, open long hours, seven days in a week, limited product line, high turnover Advantages of conventional Modern Organized retail formats Conventional formats: Low operating cost Overheads. Proximity to consumers. Low operating hours. Strong relations with customers. Modern organized retail formats: Large bargaining power with suppliers. Range variety of goods. Quality assurance( Brand related, durability) Convenience Hygiene Business Models suiting Indian Scenario Cash--carry Wholesale Model Cash--carry is a form of retail trade in which goods are sold from a wholesale warehouse operated either on a self-service basis where customers settle the invoice on-the-spot or pay cash and carry the goods away themselves. The cash--carry player also performs many value-added functions, including selling and promoting, buying and assortment building, bulk-breaking, warehousing, transporting, financing, risk-bearing, supplying market information, and providing management services. Hub-and-spoke Model Retail Chains are entering residential areas with the hub-andspoke model, whereby one large store supports various smaller stores in the nearby residential areas. This is win-win model is well-suited to the Indian business scene where large stores obtain supplies from the warehouse and supplies to the consumers, involving both large payers acting as wholesalers and local kiranas as retail outlets. With efficient supply chain management, availability of space and proper technology in place, this will not take much time. The Piramyd Retail’s Trumart Stores (food and grocery) in Mumbai and Pune are based on a similar model. Growth Enabling Factors Higher Disposable Income The disposable income has been showing a rapid increase from the last few years and is expected to grow steadily because the proportion of the major consuming class (population having incomes higher than Rs 90,000) is expected to reach 48 percent by 2009-10 from 20 percent in 1995-95, at the 2001-02 prices, at a CAGR of 9.3 percent over the next 8 years leading to new consumption patterns due to increasing depth in the consumers’ pocket. Growing Working women population The propensity to spend in the case of working women is higher by 1.3 times as compared by housewives. According to the census report, the population of working women increased to 26 percent in 2001 as compared to 22 percent in 1991. Adoption of Nuclear Family culture The increase in per capita income paved way to increase the nuclear-family culture. The proportion of nuclear families as a percentage of total household population has increased as shown by fall in average household size from 5.57 in 1991to 5.36 in 2007, expected to fall further to 5.02 by 2011. This will fuel the growth of organised retail. Baby Boomer Effect The demographics of Indian population has a steep growth in earning population (15-60 yrs). In 2000, 593 million people (58.3 percent of total population) constituted the age bracket of 15-60 yrs – growing from an unprecedented level of 335 million people (54 percent of total population) in 1975 at a rate of 77 percent (CAGR of 2.3 percent) in contrast to a population growth of 64 percent (CAGR of 2 percent) over the same period of 25 years. Over the next 15 years, the earning population is expected to increase to 62.8 percent in 2015, translating into a population of 782 million. Growth in Urban Population Urbanization has increased at a rate of 2.7 percent over the last 10 years (1990-2000). In 2000, the urban population was estimated to be 281 million (27.7 percent of the total population). This trend is likely to continue and urbanization is expected to grow at 2.4 percent between 2000 and 2015. In 2015 the urban population is expected to be 401 million, constituting 32.2 percent of the total population. Robust Outlook towards Branded products Due to liberalization of manufacturing sector, various organized branded products have entered into Indian markets, thereby developing and widening the basket for branded finished goods. With the advent of International competition, new trends and lifestyles are evolving among India masses resulting into 10-15 percent growth in branded products. This has established the base for organized retail market in India. Growth in Retail Malls and various other new Formats Real Estate players like Raheja’s, Future Group, DLF, Omaxe, Piramal Group, Parsvnath, Unitech are developing retail malls and leasing out the retail spaces to various retailers of varied products making it a one-stop shopping destinations in urban and semi-urban cities. These shopping-cum-entertainment malls are wooing young buyers to increase their conversion rate backed by increasing foot-falls. Around 358 malls have come up by 2007, covering a total space of 87 million square feet, thereby pushing organised retail to new heights. Plastic Money becoming a greater Pie of credit The use of plastic money in the form of debit and credit cards has expanded multifold in last 5 years. The number of credit cards has grown at a CAGR of 28 percent and debit cards galloped by 140 percent. The customers have adopted the habit of electronic payments and leveraging their pockets shifting from basic needs to lifestyle products. Swot Analysis of Organized Stores Strength: As being technology intensive .these stores are able to forecast customer demand, shorten lead time reduce inventory holding ultimately save cost. Wide assortment show customer has variety of choice Weakness: Despite of high footfall the conversion rate is very low. As a result retail measure experiencing an ROI of only 8% to 10% Organized stores have less customer loyalty as compare to unorganized stores. Low customer knowledge Lack of personal touch Opportunities: Indian middle class is already 30 crores projected to grow to over 60 crores by 2010 making India one of the largest consumer markets in the world. According to KSA projections by 2015 India will have 55 crores people under the age of 20 reflecting the enormous opportunities possible in the kids teens retailing segments. Threats: High real estate rent. Poor Infrastructure Less develop shopping culture. Due to fragmented market high distribution cost. Swot Analysis of Unorganized Stores Strength: Located in prime residential area. Rental for large stores in these area are generally not available. They enjoy a near monopoly in area that is backward or do not have a population with sustainable purchasing power like rural areas. since organized retailer are unlikely to enter such reasons Weakness: Do not provide quality assurance. Less concern about ambience hygiene issue. Opportunities: Low capital requirements Proximity to consumers and strong relationship help them to gauge .Customer needs stock accordingly thus gaining more business. Threats: Increase in use of credit cards With huge stores coming up in catchments areas of 5-7 km of approachable distance larges chains planning to set up hub spoke, smaller stores. So the very existence of traditional store is in danger. Low or no bargaining power due to small scale of operations Due to smaller in size unable to stock a variety of goods. Provide not many options to the customers. Why Indian consumers want more experiential shopping today? The Indian consumer is changing rapidly. The average consumer today is richer, younger and more aspirational in his or her needs than ever before. Consumers now value convenience and choice on a par with getting value for their hard-earned money. A range of modern retailers is attempting to serve the needs of the ‘new’ Indian consumer. Today Indian consumers want not only buying but a full shopping experience. For this one of the important factors responsible is change in life style as well as disposable income. As per Indian consumer’s map , approximately 209 million of total household in India 6 millions are rich having annual income of more than US$ 4700 .this number were 1 million household in 1994 and 3 million households in 1999-00 thus this class is growing very rapidly. About 50% of these families are living in metros and spending more than eighteen billion annually. As per the need of these families around 62% market for premium products is concentrated in Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai and Kolkata. But now retail market is moving toward big and also small cities . India’s 8.5% of the retail market concentrated in 8 big cities .As per an estimate among rich class top most 1 million customers comes under superrich category growing by 20% per annum and shows behavior similar to international consumers . While this segment is worth targeting for high-end premium products, it is not the key driver of the organized retail sector. The real driver of the Indian retail sector is the bottom 80% of the first layer and the upper half of the second layer of the income map (see ‘Map of India’s income classes’ below). This segment of about 40 million households earns USD 4,000-10,000 per household and comprises salaried employees and self-employed professionals. This segment is expected to grow to 65 million households by 2010 and is currently the key driver behind explosive growth in passenger car sales (USD 5 billion in 2004) and mobile phone penetration (over 70 million). The top 6 Indian cities -Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore and Hyderabad -are the darlings of India’s exploding economy. They represent 6% of the population, but contribute 14% of India’s GDP. They are the centers of business, finance, politics and the emerging sunrise industries such as IT, pharma and ITeS, which have put India on the global map. These cities are also the barometer of India’s economic development and most foreign investors have flocked here. Are Indian consumers are ready for organize retail? By the end of 20th century in Indian retail sector too many significant changes has taken place. The retailing industry, which in early1990s was dominated by the unorganized sector, is now going a drastic change with a rapid growth in the organized sector with the entry of many corporate groups such as Tata, RPG, ITC and Bennett Coleman Company. Now Indian consumers are much aware about domestic and foreign products by the different source of media, such as newspaper ,television and the internet Apart from this there are too many social changes like increase in working couples , increase in number of nuclear families , rapid Urbanization.goverment policies ,increase in availability of retail space , increase in disposable income , availability of educated manpower also catalyzed the growth of organize retail . Food retailing was the most important area where players like food worlds establishing their outlets all over the India. Beside it supermarket and departmental stores now replacing traditional grocery stores all over the India , by the entry of fast foods (McDonalds), packaged foods (MTR), vending machines and specialty beverage parlors (Nescafe, Tata Tea, Cafe Coffee and Barista) brought about significant changes in the eating habits of Indian consumers. Literature Review Indian retail sector still has long way to go till now many research work and articles have been return over Indian retail. These articles and research work mainly focus upon huge untapped markets in Indian retail. They mainly talk about the opportunities available in the Indian market for the growth of organized retail. Some of the important research paper and articles which inspired me and catalyzed my thinking process over this topic are: â€Å"The evolving retail market in India† was written by Dale Anne Raiss and Ranjan biswas working as partner and head of market at Ernst Young .In this report they talk about largely untapped potential in retailing in India. They also tal Impact of Organised Retail On Unorganised Retail Impact of Organised Retail On Unorganised Retail Abstract The revolution in Indian retail industry has brought many sweeping changes and also opened door for many Indian as well as foreign players. In Indian scenario there is always a constant clash between challenges and opportunities but chances favors those companies that are trying to establish themselves. As every coin has two faces similarly it also has some pros and cons. In India about 96% of retail markets consist of unorganized retail players such as kirana stores. As a result of favorable demographic conditions such as changing life style of Indian consumers and government policies provide huge opportunities for Indian corporate houses as well as foreign players. If we compare today’s scenario with earlier we found that at that time the price and the delivery mode is totally different .at present the markets and their processes are more flexible in all aspects. The new Snow-white market places have started to replace the traditional bazaar – kind of dwarfed tiny corner kirana shop. India has highest shop density in the world. It has more than 1.5crores retail shop thus providing 2nd highest employment after agriculture. It employs 7% of total workforce and contributing more than 10% of India’s GDP.But have we ever thought that what by the entry of big retailers what will be happened to those unorganized retail kirana stores which constitute 96% of it? It may not have an immediate effect but in long run it might affect the small kirana stores and thus many people would loose there job , many families could get affected thus in long run we should not ignore this issue . The main purpose of this report to study the impact of organized retail on the small kirana stores and to find: How kirana stores can sustain themselves in long run? How they will cope in the competition from organized retail players? Are the steps taken by government enough for their safeguards? This paper discusses the various challenges faced by both organized as well as kirana stores in Delhi NCR and how both can sustain in equilibrium without much affecting each others. Introduction Retailing can be defined as the sale of goods or merchandise, from a fixed location such as a department store or kiosk, in small or individual lots for direct consumption by the consumer. Retailing is a well recognized business function which compromises making available desired product in the desired quantity at the desired time. This creates a time, place and form utility for the consumer. The success of retailing is depend up on the efficient supply chain and assortment of merchandise mix. A well-developed supply chain reduces wastages and transaction cost thereby reducing the cost of inventories to be maintained by the producers and the traders. A reduction in the cost of inventory management leads to a reduction in the final price to the consumer. Retailing has been identified as a key source for promotion of textiles, processed foods, agricultural and horticultural products. Recently due to certain demographic and economic changes India retail sector has taken a new breathe. It has created a lot of opportunities for big corporate houses like Tatas , Reliance and Bharti etc as well as for many foreign players. As in present scenario Indian retail is in nascent stage therefore it is not much affecting the small kirana stores but in long run its affect can be ignore. Undoubtedly, revolution in retail is good for Indian consumers as well as government as it will increase the taxes i.e. income for government and consumer will have more choice. Broadly Indian retail sector can be classified into two segments: Unorganized retailing Unorganized retailing is characterized by a distorted real-estate market, poor infrastructure and inefficient upstream processes, lack of modern technology, inadequate funding and absence of skilled manpower. Therefore, there is a need to promote organized retailing. Organized Retailing Organized Retailing can be defined as a form of retailing whereby customers can buy goods in a similar purchase environment across more than one physical location for verticals from food, grocery, apparel, consumer durables, jewellery, footwear, beauty care, home dà ©cor, and books to music. In organized retailing a proper record is maintain by the government and retailers need to pay the tax to the government. What is the threat for local organized stores? India has highly fragmented retail industry. Today’s scenario India, still have of the traditional formats retailing .Today still local kirana shop, pan, bidi shop, hardware Store, weekly hatts,convenience stores bazaars etc.It constitute about 96% of retail market .About 12 million outlets operating in country and only 5% of them being larger than 500 square feet in size. In India it is very important to understand what role it pays in lives of Indian citizens from social as well as economic prospective. Retailing is probably the primary form of Disguised Unemployment In Our Country As we have over crowded agriculture sector and stagnating manufacturing sector and the low wages and hard work in both sectors forced many Indians to jump in service sector. Here due to lack of opportunities it is almost become a natural decision for an individual to set up a small shop or store depending upon his financial condition .Thus retailer is born by circumstance not by choice. Ultimately it provides job of more than 6 crores people where as organized retail provides employment to roughly 7 lakhs peoples. So the policy makes should be careful about these 6 crores peoples, whose livelihood may get in danger in future. Retail Industry Structure Global Scenario Worldwide retail industry is one of the most attracting industry being controlled by a handful of powerful corporations based mainly in the U.S and Europe, namely, Wal-Mart, Tesco, Carrefour and Metro. Beside these their are many others big MNC retailers but they have saturated in their home countries only and are looking for penetrating emerging markets like India, China and Russia. As these players are penetrating in these countries thus providing a world class shopping experience to the consumers. Today consumers become more demanding want world class products as well as not only buying but an experiential shopping. Thus shift in consumer behavior in these emerging markets attracting world biggest players. Also the saturation in US retail market and other existing markets in developed countries forcing them to move in new market like India and china. Retailing in United States Retail Sector is the second largest industry in U.S. both in number of establishments and number of employees. The U. S. retail industry generates $3.8 trillion in retail sales annually ($4.2 trillion if food service sales are included), that is approximately $11,993 per capita. Wal-Mart is the worlds largest retailer and the worlds largest company with more than $312 billion (USD) in sales annually. Wal-Mart employs 1.3 million associates in the United States and more than 400,000 internationally. The second largest retailer in the world is Frances Carrefour. Retail Trends in other Countries China had initially restricted FDI in retailing to only joint ventures at 49 percent foreign holding and only at specified locations subject to a ceiling on the number of stores. Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and Japan have enforced zoning restrictions for mega-retailers. There are minimal capital requirements for foreign retailers in Sri Lanka. The Philippines has imposed â€Å"sourcing† and reciprocity requirements on foreign retailers. In Japan, mega-retailers must seek the views and permission of small local stores before opening a new store. In the US, major cities such as Los Angeles, California, Chicago and New York City have restricted the opening of Wal-Mart stores within city limits. France enacted the Raffairin Act that regulates the growth of hypermarkets larger than 300 square feet. In Thailand, the government has set up an assistance fund for local retailers due to the impact of mega retailers. Share of Retail Market in world economy: Country Total Market ( bn US $) U.S 4030 Taiwan 40 Malaysia 20 Thailand 32 Indonesia 75 China 325 India 360 Indian Retail Scenario History Traditionally Indian Retail can be traced back from Weekly Markets, Melas, Village Fairs in Small towns and villages to Kirana stores, PDS outlets, Khadi Bhandaar, co-operative stores in Urban cities. The wave of retail began with various textile manufactures like Bombay Dyeing, Raymonds, S Kumar’s, and Grasim foraying into selling the product through their outlets and competition among FMCG players driving the forces towards retailing. The evolution of retailing lead to an emergence of various modern formats like Shopping malls, Super-marts, Hyper-marts,Departmental Stores, Apparel Stores, etc. catering to majorly all sectors of society providing the all-important 3Vs – Value, Variety and Volume. Retail Boom In India Indian Retail Sector is at its inflexion point awaiting multifold growth. The Retail Industry’s Size is presently Rs 1, 44,253 crores out of which the organized sector contributes to a mere 4 percent Of the market size, fairly dominated by scattered, unregulated, unorganized players. Retail sector is expected to grow in tandem to the GDP growth-rate. This sector is slated to be the biggest contributor to GDP of around 10 percent and has promisingly generated ~8 percent employment in India, which is moving towards a larger generation of employment opportunities in the times ahead. Future Of Organised Retailing In India Due to the urban-rural divide, organised retail will grow in the metros and large cities, followed by semi-urban and rural areas. Thus India is on the verge of an enormous multi-fold growth of organised retail. In a span of just 5 years, organised retail is expected to expand in urban cities besides making an entry in semi-urban and rural areas. Presently, the organised retail market is 4 percent of the total retail, that is around Rs 67,310 crore and is expected to compound at 27 percent per annum, aggregating to Rs 1,75,103 crore (7.44 percent of the total retail) in 2010-11. The retail industry is assumed to grow at GDP growth rate. The retail revolution signals softening of inflation rate on an yearly basis, due to elimination of intermediaries in retailing and passing on of all the benefits to the consumer. The mantra expediting the retail growth is ‘Consumer is the King’. Penetration of Organized Sector Organized Share of retail sector is expected to increase to 8-9 percent in 2010-11 from 4 percent in 2007. Segmental Growth of Retailing Food and Grocery This is the largest vertical of 74.4 percent of retail size compromising fruits and vegetables, milk and milk products, staples, cereals, grains, pulses, processed food, ready to cook and ready to eat meals, spices and other eatables. This is least penetrated segment across all verticals of around 1.5 percent, being the most untapped pie. According to NSSO 60th round, 54 percent of the rural and 42 percent of urban expenditure was on food. Apparels Clothing and textile is a large organized vertical dominated by textile manufacturers Raymond, Bombay Dyeing, Vimal, and by big retailers like Pantaloon, Pyramyd, Koutons having ~16.4 penetration level. Increasing disposable incomes and change in the lifestyle needs has pushed the segment. Consumer Durables The electronics and consumer durable is the biggest organized segment penetrated to ~20 percent. There lies more unearthed growth in the verticals as the craze for electronic gadgets have been picking up with the advent of nuclear families. Home Dà ©cor and furnishing The demand for furnishing is going to be spearheaded by a huge demand for the real-estate, paving way to tap the unorganized segment. Presently only a few players like Gautier, Godrej, Durian function as organized entities. Jewellery and Watches Titan is the early entrant in the segment followed by MNCs Oyzterbay, Tanishq, Swaroski, Orra, Gitanjali, D’damas driven by demand for fashion accessories, and huge advertising and promotion campaigns. Beauty Care The organised players in Beauty Care are HLL (Lakme Salons), Marico (Kaya), Health and Glow are having a huge growth impetus. Footwear Leaving aside the Apparel, Footwear segment is forming a big pie in the organised retail sector, expected to grow to greater heights with foreign payers like Crocs Inc. Books, Music and gifts In addition to Tier-II and Tier-III cities, the habit of reading books and listening to music is picking up among the Tier-I cities. The stores like Oxford Bookstore etc are experiencing this upswing. Organized Retail Growth in Indian Cities The Retail sector contributes to around 36 percent of GDP in India and is largest employment generator. The sector is dominated by small-scattered unorganised regional players, large players contributing to meager 10 percent of the total pie. Organised retail is at its nascent phase wherein the large organised retail groups are having aggressive expansion plans to penetrate the Metros and Tier I cities and establish themselves amongst rural masses of Tier I and Tier II cities. There lies a challenge for retailers to experiment with new value formats along with developing customer loyalties. Since there will be demographic shift in population growth, urbanization and migration due to transition in urban household growth and income distribution. The total retail market in the top 67 cities in India in 2006 was Rs. 2.55 trillion, which is expected to increase to Rs. 3.91 trillion in 2011. According to CRISIL, around 87 percent of the retail opportunity comes from top 25 cities compromising Metro Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta, Mini Metros Hyderabad, Chennai, Bangalore, Mini Metros Ahmedabad and Pune, Tier I cities of Kanpur , Nagpur, Surat and Ludhiana, Tier II cities Coimbatore, Chandigarh, Lucknow, Kochi, Jaipur and Tier III cities Vadodara, Vizag, Indore, Vijaywada, Thiruvananthpuram, Bhopal, Nashik and Madurai. The levels of penetration in the top 67 cities are expected to leap. Organized retail has been established in Metros and Tier 1 cities, other cities having negligible level of penetration Retail Formats in India: Conventional Formats Kirana These are food and non-food neighborhood counter stores, also called ‘mom and pop stores’ in western countries. These are big chunks forming the segregated and unorganised retail segment. These are family-ownedand- run retail-outlets picking the goods from wholesalers totaling to around 12 million stores across India. Mandis These are the largest chunk of unorganised retail catering to urban and rural masses. Mandis are physically located at different regions to enhance convenient shopping. The sellers bring across various products like eatables,vegetables and fruits, pulses, cereals, spices etc. The most prominent of them are sabzi mandis found in most of the localities across India. Village Haats This form is operating in rural areas where buyers and sellers gather once in a week or month from nearby villages and small towns to cater their livelihood and leisure needs. These haats are a source of entertainment and socialization among rural masses. Push Cart Vendors The are categories of vendors roaming from door to door in various localities selling fruits, vegetables, and other eatables, from which mostly housewives makes purchases that too on credit. Modern organized retail formats: Shopping malls Area -60000-700000 square feet Point of differentiation: Multi format, Multi products, Multi brand caterings, Lifestyle needs. Hyper market Area: 50000 – 100000 square feet Point of differentiation: Multi vertical Super markets Area: 5000-10000 square feet. Point of differentiation: low cost, low margin high volume, self service operations design to serve total need for food, laundry household maintenance products. Departmental stores Area: 20000-30000 square feet. Point of differentiation: single vertical , several product lines Apparels store Area: 20000-25000 square feet Point of differentiation: Multi branded, Single vertical, focusing on high consumers Specialty stores Area:-2000-5000 square feet Point of differentiation: Narrow product line with deep assortment ,multi branded, Single vertical on specific needs of the customers. Exclusive formats Area: 500-5000 square feet Point of differentiation: Owned/Franchised, Single products 8. Convenience stores Area: 200-500 square feet Point of differentiation: Located near residential area, open long hours, seven days in a week, limited product line, high turnover Advantages of conventional Modern Organized retail formats Conventional formats: Low operating cost Overheads. Proximity to consumers. Low operating hours. Strong relations with customers. Modern organized retail formats: Large bargaining power with suppliers. Range variety of goods. Quality assurance( Brand related, durability) Convenience Hygiene Business Models suiting Indian Scenario Cash--carry Wholesale Model Cash--carry is a form of retail trade in which goods are sold from a wholesale warehouse operated either on a self-service basis where customers settle the invoice on-the-spot or pay cash and carry the goods away themselves. The cash--carry player also performs many value-added functions, including selling and promoting, buying and assortment building, bulk-breaking, warehousing, transporting, financing, risk-bearing, supplying market information, and providing management services. Hub-and-spoke Model Retail Chains are entering residential areas with the hub-andspoke model, whereby one large store supports various smaller stores in the nearby residential areas. This is win-win model is well-suited to the Indian business scene where large stores obtain supplies from the warehouse and supplies to the consumers, involving both large payers acting as wholesalers and local kiranas as retail outlets. With efficient supply chain management, availability of space and proper technology in place, this will not take much time. The Piramyd Retail’s Trumart Stores (food and grocery) in Mumbai and Pune are based on a similar model. Growth Enabling Factors Higher Disposable Income The disposable income has been showing a rapid increase from the last few years and is expected to grow steadily because the proportion of the major consuming class (population having incomes higher than Rs 90,000) is expected to reach 48 percent by 2009-10 from 20 percent in 1995-95, at the 2001-02 prices, at a CAGR of 9.3 percent over the next 8 years leading to new consumption patterns due to increasing depth in the consumers’ pocket. Growing Working women population The propensity to spend in the case of working women is higher by 1.3 times as compared by housewives. According to the census report, the population of working women increased to 26 percent in 2001 as compared to 22 percent in 1991. Adoption of Nuclear Family culture The increase in per capita income paved way to increase the nuclear-family culture. The proportion of nuclear families as a percentage of total household population has increased as shown by fall in average household size from 5.57 in 1991to 5.36 in 2007, expected to fall further to 5.02 by 2011. This will fuel the growth of organised retail. Baby Boomer Effect The demographics of Indian population has a steep growth in earning population (15-60 yrs). In 2000, 593 million people (58.3 percent of total population) constituted the age bracket of 15-60 yrs – growing from an unprecedented level of 335 million people (54 percent of total population) in 1975 at a rate of 77 percent (CAGR of 2.3 percent) in contrast to a population growth of 64 percent (CAGR of 2 percent) over the same period of 25 years. Over the next 15 years, the earning population is expected to increase to 62.8 percent in 2015, translating into a population of 782 million. Growth in Urban Population Urbanization has increased at a rate of 2.7 percent over the last 10 years (1990-2000). In 2000, the urban population was estimated to be 281 million (27.7 percent of the total population). This trend is likely to continue and urbanization is expected to grow at 2.4 percent between 2000 and 2015. In 2015 the urban population is expected to be 401 million, constituting 32.2 percent of the total population. Robust Outlook towards Branded products Due to liberalization of manufacturing sector, various organized branded products have entered into Indian markets, thereby developing and widening the basket for branded finished goods. With the advent of International competition, new trends and lifestyles are evolving among India masses resulting into 10-15 percent growth in branded products. This has established the base for organized retail market in India. Growth in Retail Malls and various other new Formats Real Estate players like Raheja’s, Future Group, DLF, Omaxe, Piramal Group, Parsvnath, Unitech are developing retail malls and leasing out the retail spaces to various retailers of varied products making it a one-stop shopping destinations in urban and semi-urban cities. These shopping-cum-entertainment malls are wooing young buyers to increase their conversion rate backed by increasing foot-falls. Around 358 malls have come up by 2007, covering a total space of 87 million square feet, thereby pushing organised retail to new heights. Plastic Money becoming a greater Pie of credit The use of plastic money in the form of debit and credit cards has expanded multifold in last 5 years. The number of credit cards has grown at a CAGR of 28 percent and debit cards galloped by 140 percent. The customers have adopted the habit of electronic payments and leveraging their pockets shifting from basic needs to lifestyle products. Swot Analysis of Organized Stores Strength: As being technology intensive .these stores are able to forecast customer demand, shorten lead time reduce inventory holding ultimately save cost. Wide assortment show customer has variety of choice Weakness: Despite of high footfall the conversion rate is very low. As a result retail measure experiencing an ROI of only 8% to 10% Organized stores have less customer loyalty as compare to unorganized stores. Low customer knowledge Lack of personal touch Opportunities: Indian middle class is already 30 crores projected to grow to over 60 crores by 2010 making India one of the largest consumer markets in the world. According to KSA projections by 2015 India will have 55 crores people under the age of 20 reflecting the enormous opportunities possible in the kids teens retailing segments. Threats: High real estate rent. Poor Infrastructure Less develop shopping culture. Due to fragmented market high distribution cost. Swot Analysis of Unorganized Stores Strength: Located in prime residential area. Rental for large stores in these area are generally not available. They enjoy a near monopoly in area that is backward or do not have a population with sustainable purchasing power like rural areas. since organized retailer are unlikely to enter such reasons Weakness: Do not provide quality assurance. Less concern about ambience hygiene issue. Opportunities: Low capital requirements Proximity to consumers and strong relationship help them to gauge .Customer needs stock accordingly thus gaining more business. Threats: Increase in use of credit cards With huge stores coming up in catchments areas of 5-7 km of approachable distance larges chains planning to set up hub spoke, smaller stores. So the very existence of traditional store is in danger. Low or no bargaining power due to small scale of operations Due to smaller in size unable to stock a variety of goods. Provide not many options to the customers. Why Indian consumers want more experiential shopping today? The Indian consumer is changing rapidly. The average consumer today is richer, younger and more aspirational in his or her needs than ever before. Consumers now value convenience and choice on a par with getting value for their hard-earned money. A range of modern retailers is attempting to serve the needs of the ‘new’ Indian consumer. Today Indian consumers want not only buying but a full shopping experience. For this one of the important factors responsible is change in life style as well as disposable income. As per Indian consumer’s map , approximately 209 million of total household in India 6 millions are rich having annual income of more than US$ 4700 .this number were 1 million household in 1994 and 3 million households in 1999-00 thus this class is growing very rapidly. About 50% of these families are living in metros and spending more than eighteen billion annually. As per the need of these families around 62% market for premium products is concentrated in Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai and Kolkata. But now retail market is moving toward big and also small cities . India’s 8.5% of the retail market concentrated in 8 big cities .As per an estimate among rich class top most 1 million customers comes under superrich category growing by 20% per annum and shows behavior similar to international consumers . While this segment is worth targeting for high-end premium products, it is not the key driver of the organized retail sector. The real driver of the Indian retail sector is the bottom 80% of the first layer and the upper half of the second layer of the income map (see ‘Map of India’s income classes’ below). This segment of about 40 million households earns USD 4,000-10,000 per household and comprises salaried employees and self-employed professionals. This segment is expected to grow to 65 million households by 2010 and is currently the key driver behind explosive growth in passenger car sales (USD 5 billion in 2004) and mobile phone penetration (over 70 million). The top 6 Indian cities -Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore and Hyderabad -are the darlings of India’s exploding economy. They represent 6% of the population, but contribute 14% of India’s GDP. They are the centers of business, finance, politics and the emerging sunrise industries such as IT, pharma and ITeS, which have put India on the global map. These cities are also the barometer of India’s economic development and most foreign investors have flocked here. Are Indian consumers are ready for organize retail? By the end of 20th century in Indian retail sector too many significant changes has taken place. The retailing industry, which in early1990s was dominated by the unorganized sector, is now going a drastic change with a rapid growth in the organized sector with the entry of many corporate groups such as Tata, RPG, ITC and Bennett Coleman Company. Now Indian consumers are much aware about domestic and foreign products by the different source of media, such as newspaper ,television and the internet Apart from this there are too many social changes like increase in working couples , increase in number of nuclear families , rapid Urbanization.goverment policies ,increase in availability of retail space , increase in disposable income , availability of educated manpower also catalyzed the growth of organize retail . Food retailing was the most important area where players like food worlds establishing their outlets all over the India. Beside it supermarket and departmental stores now replacing traditional grocery stores all over the India , by the entry of fast foods (McDonalds), packaged foods (MTR), vending machines and specialty beverage parlors (Nescafe, Tata Tea, Cafe Coffee and Barista) brought about significant changes in the eating habits of Indian consumers. Literature Review Indian retail sector still has long way to go till now many research work and articles have been return over Indian retail. These articles and research work mainly focus upon huge untapped markets in Indian retail. They mainly talk about the opportunities available in the Indian market for the growth of organized retail. Some of the important research paper and articles which inspired me and catalyzed my thinking process over this topic are: â€Å"The evolving retail market in India† was written by Dale Anne Raiss and Ranjan biswas working as partner and head of market at Ernst Young .In this report they talk about largely untapped potential in retailing in India. They also tal